SYNONYM
Synonyms
are words that have the same or very similar meaning. All words can have a
synonym. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions can have a synonym
as long as both words are the same part of speech.
Examples of Synonyms
Adjectives : Beautiful, lovely, gorgeous,
stunning, striking
Nouns : House, home, dwelling,
residence, abode, quarters
Verbs : Jump, bound, leap, hop, skip
Prepositions : In, inside, within
The other examples, there are:
Small,
little, mini, short, tiny, petite, fine
Soft,
silky, downy, weak, limp, soggy
Weak,
wimpy, faint, flimsy
Hold,
cling, clench, grasp, wait, grip
Run,
dash, sprint,
Fast,
prompt, quick
Smart,
bright, intelligent, brilliant
Shy,
bashful, introverted, quiet, withdrawn
Kind,
considerate, gracious, sweet, thoughtful
Lazy,
idle, lethargic, lackadaisical
Mean,
bad-tempered, difficult, unpleasant, unfriendly
Friendly,
sociable, outgoing, warm, extroverted
Rich,
wealthy, well-to-do, affluent, well-off
The
list could go on and on but the important point to consider is that all of the
above synonyms could be interchanged in a sentence. However, when you do
replace a word with its synonym, you have to pay close attention to the context
so that the synonym will convey the same meaning. For Example:
|
My driver’s
license has expired
|
You couldn’t replace the
word expired with the
word die even though
the two are synonyms. It wouldn’t make sense. A driver’s license can’t die. So,
you need to keep in mind that not every synonym of the word you want to replace
will be a good choice.
ANTONYM
Antonyms
are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the antonym of long is
short. Often words will have more than one antonym but as with synonyms it
depends on the context. For instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool
or chilly. In order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the
meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well as chilly so
the word cool may not be the best choice.
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms fall
within the three categories: graded antonyms, relational antonyms, and
complementary antonyms.
Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the two opposites. For
example, big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of changes before you
get to the opposite meaning. Like this:
Big, huge,
bulky, full-size, slight, petite, little
Other examples
are:
Happy – sad
Healthy – sick
Smart – stupid
Relational
antonyms are pairs that have a relationship. Each word
wouldn’t exist without the other. There can’t be a parent without a child or
it’s either all or nothing. Other examples include:
Open – close
Husband – wife
Front – back
Hello – goodbye
Complimentary
antonyms are word pairs that have no degree of meaning. There
are only two opposite possibilities.
Dead- alive
True – false
Male- female
Daughter – son
On – off
HYPONYM
Hyponym is a
word, phrase,
or lexeme
of narrower or more specific meaning that comes ‘under’ another of wider or
more general meaning. For example, rose
under flower (‘a rose
is a kind of flower’, ‘flowers include roses and tulips’).
In
this relationship, the word flower
is a hyperonym, generic term, or superordinate term. Many hyponyms
belong in groups, such as carpet,
chair, desk, table, rug,
stool, all of
which are co-hyponyms of
the hyperonym furniture (‘a
carpet is an item of furniture’). Hyponymic relations are often imprecise,
unstable, and multidimensional, depending on both context and how relationships
are analysed.
The
same word may be a hyponym of several superordinates: axe as ‘kind of tool’ and ‘kind of
weapon’; weapon also a
hyponym of tool (‘a weapon
is a kind of tool’). Battle-axe
is ‘a kind of axe’ and ‘a kind of weapon’, but is unlikely to appear under axe in the sense of ‘a kind of
tool’. Rug is in some
contexts a synonym of carpet
(‘The cat sat on the rug/carpet’), in others a hyponym of carpet (‘a rug is a kind of
carpet’).
COLLOCATION
Collocation
is another feature that is important in the field of word meaning. Collocation
refers to the co-occurrence possibility or compatibility of a word with other
words. This feature is spoken of in syntagmatic terms – i.e. sentence ondering
terms, as well as formal terms (meaning campatibility). For example “black”
collocates well with “black” box, “black” coffee, “black” board and “black”
bird. However, the collocation of “black” book, “black” mail, and “black” mark
are slightly different from the first three. Likewise, other example of the
colour terms as in:
1.
“red” wine and “red” dress compared to
“red” herring, “red” letter and “red” army
2.
“blue” berry and “blue” cheese compared
to “blue” moon, “blue” blood and “blue” collar
3.
“white” coffee and “white” wine compared
to “white” skin and “white” collar
(Baskaran, Loga. A Linguistic Primer for Malaysians)
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