Morpho-Syntax
1.
Definition
of Morpho-Syntax according the Experts
a. Morphology
Generally, Morphology
is the science that study about the formation of words, such as stem (root)
becomes affixation, like suffix, prefix, confix, infix, and morphophonology: deletion
of phoneme, the change phoneme; substitution of phoneme, alternation, etc.
The term morphology
is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright, and
philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), who coined it early in the
nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology is Greek: morph-means
‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In biology
morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in
geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land
forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word
formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal
structure, and how they are formed.
Bloomfield (1993:207): “by the
morphology of a language we mean the constructions in which bound forms or
words, but never phrases. Accordingly, we may say that morphology includes the
constructions of words and parts of words”.
Tomori (1982:21) “morphology is the
study of the structure of words – the study of the rules governing the
formation of words in a language”.
“In present-day
linguistics, the term ‘morphology’ refers to the study of the internal
structure of words, and of the systematic form–meaning correspondences between
words.” Geert (2005: 7)
“Morphology, the
study of the internal structure of words, deals with the forms of lexemes
(inflection), and with the ways in which lexemes are formed (word-formation).
New words are made on the basis of patterns of form-meaning correspondence
between existing words. Paradigmatic relationships between words are therefore
essential, and morphology cannot be conceived of as ‘the syntax of morphemes’
or ‘syntax below the word level’ (ibid:14)
“The two basic
functions of morphological operations are (i) the creation of new words (i.e.
new lexemes), and (ii) spelling out the appropriate form of a lexeme in a
particular syntactic context.”
“Morphology serves to
expand the lexicon, the set of established words of a language, but is not the
only source of lexical units, and not even that of all complex words, which
also arise through borrowing, univerbation, and word creation.”
“The established
(simplex and complex) words of a language are listed in the lexicon, an
abstract linguistic notion, to be distinguished from the notions ‘dictionary’
and ‘mental lexicon’. Morphological rules have two functions: they specify the
predictable properties of the complex words listed in the lexicon, and indicate
how new words and word forms can be made.”
“Morphology as a
subdiscipline of linguistics aims at adequate language description, at the
development of a proper language typology, and at contributing to debates on
the organization of grammars and the mental representation of linguistic
competence.”
In this section, some
basic concepts of morphology will be introduced. Morphology is concerned
with the structure of words, and morphological analysis is the process by which
linguists break complex words down into their component parts.
Burling (1992:38) “the smallest
pieces, those that can no longer be devided into even smaller meaningful bits,
are called morphemes”.
Fromkin (1998:69) “the traditional
term for the most elemental unit of grammaticall form is morpheme”.
b. Syntax
As we know that
Syntax is the science that we study about the arrangements or constructions of
words or morphemes become a good sentence based on the rules or systems of the
native speaker. In other words, a good sentence in syntax is concerned with
rules, systems, logic, surface, and deep structures (meaning).
Syntax is a central
component of human language. Language has often been characterized as a
systematic correlation between certain types of gestures and meaning. For
spoken language, the gestures are oral, and for signed language, they are
manual. It is not the case that every possible meaning that can be expressed is
correlated with a unique, unanalyzable gesture, be it oral or manual. Rather,
each language has a stock of meaning-bearing elements and different ways of
combining them are themselve meaningful. The two English sentences Adyu gave the note book to Zatel and Zatel gave the notebook to Adyu contain
exactly the same meaning-bearing elements, i.e. words, but they have different
meanings because the words are combined differently in them. These different
combinations fall into the realm of syntax; the two sentence differ not in
terms of the words in them but rather in terms of their syntax. Syntax can thus
be given the following characterization, taken from Matthews (1982:1):
The term ‘syntax’ is
from the Ancient Greek sýntaxis, a
verbal noun which literally means ‘arrangement’ or ‘setting out together’.
Traditionally, it refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in
which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show
connections of meaning within the sentence.
First and foremost,
syntax deals with how sentences are
constructed, and users of human languages employ a striking variety of possible
arrangements of the elements in sentences. One of the most obvious yet
important ways in which languages differ is the order of the main elements in a
sentence.
Gleason (1955) “Syntax maybe roughly defined as the
principles of arrangement of the construction (word) into large constructions
of various kinds.”
“The system of the rules and categories that underlines sentence formation
in human language” (O’ Grady, et. al. 1997).
Crane,
et al. (1981:102) “syntax is the way
words are put together to form phrases and sentences”.
Miller
(2002:xii) “syntax has to do with how
words are put together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to
build clauses or bigger phrases, and how clauses are put together to build
sentences”.
In this section we will
briefly discuss how the subject matter of this material, sometimes refered to
as morphosyntax, relates to the other
subheadings within the domain of Grammar. Morphosyntax has to do with how these
sounds combine to form words and sentences. Actually, the term ‘morphosyntax’
is a hybrid word that comes from two othe words – morphology and syntax. Since
‘morphosyntax’ sounds better than ‘syntophology’, the former is the word that
linguists prefer to use. Morphology
is simply the study of shapes. For example, zoologists may study the morphology
of camels – how their bodies are shaped. Different species of Morphoogy in
linguistics has to do with how words are shaped, and how the shapes of words
may be systematically adjusted in order to accomplish communicative tasks. You
can also think of morphology as the study of how meaningful units combine to
shape words. On the other hand, syntax
is how words combine to form sentences. One reason many linguists like to talk
about morphology and syntax together is that sometimes a communicative job that
is perfomed by word shaped (morphology) in one language is perfomed by
combinations of words (syntax) in another. So, if linguists want to compare
different languages, it helps to be able to refer to ‘morphosyntax’.
References:
(Seno H.Putra Drs,.M.Pd.,P.Hd.2006.Introduction to General Linguistics)
(Seno H.Putra Drs,.M.Pd.,P.Hd.2006.Introduction to General Linguistics)
(Ebook - What is Morphology, Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman)
(E-Book - An Introduction to Syntax, Robert D. Van Valin, JR) http://www.englishindo.com/2011/02/morphology-pembukaan.html
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